Bicuspid Aortic Valve-associated Aortopathy
نویسنده
چکیده
Patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) have an increased risk of developing ascending aortic aneurysm compared with individuals with a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). A crucial factor involved in vascular remodeling during aneurysm development is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and impaired signaling of this pathway can alter important extracellular matrix (ECM) protein such us fibronectin and collagen and thereby explaining the increased aneurysm susceptibility of BAV patients. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the BAV-associated aortopathy in relation to the TGF-β signaling pathway. Alternatively spliced extra domain A (EDA) of fibronectin (FN) has an essential role in tissue repair. In paper I, the mRNA expression of FN splice forms was analyzed by Affymetrix Exon arrays in dilated and non-dilated ascending aorta of TAV (40 individuals) and BAV patients (69 individuals). EDA-FN was significantly increased only in TAV dilated aortas. Upon TGF-β treatment, vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) isolated from TAV aortas were able to enhance the formation of EDA-FN whereas cells derived from BAV patients could not influence fibronectin splicing. Multivariate and univariate data analyses of mRNA expression suggested that differences in the TGF-β signaling pathway may explain the impaired EDA inclusion in BAV patients. In paper II, multivariate techniques were applied to all exons (n = 614) of the TGF-β pathway in order to analyze alternative splicing in the TGF-β pathway. Alternative splicing mechanisms were found to be important in the development of aneurysm in both BAV and TAV patients. Furthermore, the pattern of alternative splicing is clearly different between TAV and BAV patients. Differential splicing was specific for BAV and TAV patients in 40 and 86 exons, respectively, and splicing of 61 exons were shared between the two phenotypes. This suggested that dilatation in TAV and BAV patients has different alternative splicing fingerprints in the TGF-β pathway. In paper III, collagen homeostasis in non-dilated and dilated aortas of BAV patients was studied and compared to non-dilated and dilated aortas taken from tricuspid aortic valve patients as reference. Ascending aortas from 56 patients were used for biochemical and morphological analyses of collagen. Collagen turnover rates were similar in non-dilated and dilated aortas of BAV patients, showing that aneurysm formation in BAV is, in contrast to TAV, not associated with an increased collagen turnover. In addition, the ratio of hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) to lysyl pyridinoline (LP), two distinct forms of collagen cross-linking, was lower in dilated aortas from patients with BAV, which hints at a defect in the posttranslational collagen modification associated with BAV. In paper IV, the response to TGF-β was analyzed in primary aortic smooth muscle cells isolated from 7 BAV and 5 BAV patients and 217 genes were found differentially expressed following TGF-β1 treatment in BAV vSMCs, whereas no gene was significantly altered between treated/untreated vSMCs of TAV patients. Majority of genes were down-regulated and enriched in genes involved in angiogenesis and formation of focal adhesion. Importantly, principle component analysis based on the 217 genes demonstrated that there was a clear difference in expression of these genes in intima/media region of dilated ascending aorta of BAV and TAV patients. In conclusion, the understanding of impairments in the TGF-β signaling pathway could be the key to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying BAV-associated aortopathy. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING Aortaklaffen är den klaff som sitter mellan hjärtats vänstra kammare och stora kroppspulsådern (aorta), och som förhindrar att blod rinner tillbaka till kammaren då hjärtat slappnar av. Vanligtvis består aortaklaffen av tre delar (kuspar), men hos ca 1-2 procent av befolkningen förekommer en missbildning där två av kusparna sammansmält och bildat en tvådelad, så kallad bikuspid aortaklaff (BAV). Patienter med BAV drabbas i högre utsträckning av både klaffoch aortakomplikationer, så som stenotisk/läckande klaff och pulsåderbråck (aneurysm) än patienter med tredelad (trikuspid) aortaklaff (TAV). Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) är ett protein som finns i kärlväggen och förändringar i TGFβ aktivitet har föreslagits påverka uppkomst av aneurysm. Bland annat reglerar TGFβ celltillväxt, celldöd och omsättningen av flera viktiga komponenter i kärlväggen så som t.ex. kollagen och fibronektin. En defekt reglering av TGFβ-signalering kan således leda till en förändrad sammansättning av kärlväggen med en ökad risk för utveckling av aneurysm som följd. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen var att studera TGFβ i relation till aneurysmutveckling hos patienter med BAV och TAV. I delarbete I studerades uttrycket av EDA-fibronektin, en speciell variant av fibronektin som spelar en särskild roll i vävnadsreparation. Ett ökat uttryck av EDAfibronektin kunde ses i vävnadsbitar från TAV-patienter med dilaterad aorta (vidgad) jämfört med TAV-patienter med icke-dilaterad aorta. Ingen skillnad i uttryck kunde dock ses mellan dilaterad och icke-dilaterad aorta från BAV-patienter. Behandling med TGFβ visades öka bildande av EDA-fibronektin i glattmuskelceller isolerade från TAV-, men inte BAV-patienter. En defekt TGFβ-signalering hos patienter med BAV skulle kunna förklara det lägre uttrycket av EDA-fibronektin i aorta hos dessa patienter, vilket i sin tur kan bidra till en försämrad vävnadsreparation. I delarbete II kunde vi visa att det finns en tydlig skillnad i alternativ splicing av gener relaterade till TGFβ-signalering hos patienter med BAV och TAV. Alternativ splicing är en viktig regleringsmekanism som innebär att flera proteinprodukter, med potentiellt olika funktionalitet, kan bildas från samma gen. Mönstret av alternativ splicing skilde sig tydligt åt mellan de olika patientgrupperna, vilket tyder på att gener involverade i TGFβ-signalering regleras olika hos patienter med BAV respektive TAV. I delarbete III studerades omsättning och uppbyggnad av kollagen, en strukturellt och funktionellt viktig komponent av kärlväggen som bidrar till aortans stabilitet. Hos patienter med TAV kunde en ökad omsättning av kollagen ses i dilaterad vävnad jämfört med icke-dilaterad vävnad. En sådan ökning kunde däremot inte ses hos BAVpatienter. Vidare kunde en minskad kross-linking, dvs. svagare sammansättning, av kollagenet i vävnad isolerad från dilaterad aorta ses hos patienter med BAV. En försvagad sammansättning tyder på en defekt modifiering och reglering av denna viktiga kärlväggskomponent hos patienter med BAV. I delarbete IV studerades hur odlade glattmuskelceller, isolerade från aorta från respektive patientgrupp, svarar på TGFβ-behandling. Till skillnad från celler isolerade från TAV-patienter, kunde en stor skillnad ses i genuttryck efter TGFβ-behandling hos BAV-patienter. De flesta generna som skilde sig i uttryck var nedreglerade, och majoriteten var kopplade till nybildning av blodkärl och bildandet av stora proteinkomplex, så kallade focal adhesions som cellen använder sig av för att ankra till kringliggande vävnad. En nedreglering av dessa gener skulle kunna bidra till en ökad aneurysmrisk genom att göra kärlväggen svagare. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultat från den här avhandlingen på en defekt reglering av TGFβ-signalvägen hos patienter med BAV. Detta skulle kunna förklara den ökade risken för utveckling av aneurysm hos patienter med BAV. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I. Paloschi V, Kurtovic S, Folkersen L, Gomez D, Wågsäter D, Roy J, Petrini J, Eriksson MJ, Caidahl K, Hamsten A, Liska J, Michel JB, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. Impaired Splicing of Fibronectin Is Associated With Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:691-97 II. Kurtovic S, Paloschi V, Folkersen L, Gottfries J, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. Diverging alternative splicing fingerprints in the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway identified in thoracic aortic aneurysms. Mol Med. 2011;17:665-75 III. Wågsäter D*, Paloschi V*, Hanemaaijer R, Hultenby K, A. Bank R, FrancoCereceda A, Lindeman JHN, Eriksson P. *contributed equally Impaired collagen biosynthesis and cross-linking in aorta of patients with bicuspid aortic valve. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000034:1-11 IV. Paloschi V, Gådin J, Björck H, Kjellqvist S, Maleki S, Roy J, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. Increased aortic TGFβ signaling in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Manuscript
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